Sudan
Sudam Media
Introduction
Geography
People
Government
Economy
Communications
Transportation
Military
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Background:
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Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have
dominated national politics since independence from the UK in
1956. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during
most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts
were rooted in northern economic, political, and social
domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese.
The first civil war ended in 1972, but broke out again in
1983. The second war and famine-related effects resulted in
more than 4 million people displaced and, according to rebel
estimates, more than 2 million deaths over a period of two
decades. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the
signing of several accords; a final Naivasha peace treaty of
January 2005 granted the southern rebels autonomy for six
years, after which a referendum for independence is scheduled
to be held. A separate conflict that broke out in the western
region of Darfur in 2003 has resulted in at least 200,000
deaths and nearly 2 million displaced; as of late 2005,
peacekeeping troops were struggling to stabilize the
situation. Sudan also has faced large refugee influxes from
neighboring countries, primarily Ethiopia and Chad, and armed
conflict, poor transport infrastructure, and lack of
government support have chronically obstructed the provision
of humanitarian assistance to affected populations.
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Location:
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Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and
Eritrea |
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Geographic coordinates:
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15 00 N, 30 00 E |
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Area:
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total: 2,505,810 sq km
land: 2.376 million sq km
water: 129,810 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 7,687 km
border countries: Central African Republic 1,165 km,
Chad 1,360 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 628 km, Egypt
1,273 km, Eritrea 605 km, Ethiopia 1,606 km, Kenya 232 km,
Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km |
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Coastline:
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853 km |
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 18 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of
exploitation |
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Climate:
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tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies
by region (April to November) |
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Terrain:
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generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in far south,
northeast and west; desert dominates the north |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Red Sea 0 m
highest point: Kinyeti 3,187 m |
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Natural resources:
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petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore,
zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower |
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Land use:
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arable land: 6.78%
permanent crops: 0.17%
other: 93.05% (2005) |
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Irrigated land:
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18,630 sq km (2003) |
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Natural hazards:
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dust storms and periodic persistent droughts |
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Environment - current issues:
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inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations
threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion;
desertification; periodic drought |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements |
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Geography - note:
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largest country in Africa; dominated by the Nile and its
tributaries
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Population:
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41,236,378 (July 2006 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 42.7% (male 8,993,483/female 8,614,022)
15-64 years: 54.9% (male 11,327,679/female 11,297,798)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 536,754/female 466,642)
(2006 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 18.3 years
male: 18.1 years
female: 18.5 years (2006 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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2.55% (2006 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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34.53 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
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Death rate:
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8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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-0.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.15 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2006 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 61.05 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 61.88 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 60.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 58.92 years
male: 57.69 years
female: 60.21 years (2006 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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4.72 children born/woman (2006 est.) |
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal
diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, African
trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2005) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Sudanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Sudanese |
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Ethnic groups:
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black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1% |
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Religions:
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Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian
5% (mostly in south and Khartoum) |
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Languages:
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Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of
Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
note: program of "Arabization" in process |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 61.1%
male: 71.8%
female: 50.5% (2003 est.)
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan
conventional short form: Sudan
local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan
local short form: As-Sudan
former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan |
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Government type:
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Government of National Unity (GNU) - the National Congress
Party (NCP) and Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM)
formed a power-sharing government under the 2005 Comprehensive
Peace Agreement (CPA); the NCP, which came to power by
military coup in 1989, is the majority partner; the agreement
stipulates national elections for the 2008 - 2009 timeframe. |
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Capital:
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Khartoum |
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Administrative divisions:
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26 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); A'ali an Nil (Upper
Nile), Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrat (Lakes), Al
Jazirah (El Gezira), Al Khartum (Khartoum), Al Qadarif (Gedaref), Al Wahdah (Unity), An Nil al Abyad (White Nile), An
Nil al Azraq (Blue Nile), Ash Shamaliyah (Northern), Bahr al
Jabal (Bahr al Jabal), Gharb al Istiwa'iyah (Western Equatoria), Gharb Bahr al Ghazal (Western Bahr al
Ghazal),
Gharb Darfur (Western Darfur), Gharb Kurdufan (Western
Kordofan), Janub Darfur (Southern Darfur), Janub Kurdufan
(Southern Kordofan), Junqali (Jonglei), Kassala (Kassala),
Nahr an Nil (Nile), Shamal Bahr al Ghazal (Northern Bahr al
Ghazal), Shamal Darfur (Northern Darfur), Shamal Kurdufan
(Northern Kordofan), Sharq al Istiwa'iyah (Eastern Equatoria),
Sinnar (Sinnar), Warab (Warab) |
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Independence:
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1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 1 January (1956) |
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Constitution:
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12 April 1973; suspended following coup of 6 April 1985;
interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following
coup of 30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June
1998 partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR;
under the CPA, Interim National Constitution ratified 5 July
2005; Constitution of Southern Sudan signed December 2005 |
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Legal system:
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based on English common law and Shari'a law; as of 20 January
1991, the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed
Shari'a law in the northern states; Shari'a law applies to all
residents of the northern states regardless of their religion;
some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations; the southern legal system is
still developing under the CPA following the civil war;
Shari'a law will not apply to the southern states |
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Suffrage:
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17 years of age; universal, but noncompulsory |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Field Marshal Umar Hassan
Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President
Salva KIIR (since 4 August 2005), Vice President Ali Osman
TAHA (since 20 September 2005); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Field Marshal Umar Hassan
Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President
Salva KIIR (since 4 August 2005), Vice President Ali Osman
TAHA (since 20 September 2005); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the
president; note - the National Congress Party or NCP (formerly
the National Islamic Front or NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's
cabinet
elections: election last held 13-23 December 2000; next
to be held no later than July 2009 under terms of the 2005
Comprehensive Peace Agreement
election results: Field Marshall Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hassan
Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%, Ja'afar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three
other candidates received a combined vote of 3.9%; election
widely viewed as rigged; all popular opposition parties
boycotted elections because of a lack of guarantees for a free
and fair election
note: al-BASHIR assumed power as chairman of Sudan's
Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC) in
June 1989 and served concurrently as chief of state, chairman
of the RCC, prime minister, and minister of defense until
mid-October 1993 when he was appointed president by the RCC;
he was elected president by popular vote for the first time in
March 1996 |
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Legislative branch:
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bi-cameral body comprising the National Assembly and Council
of States (replaced unicameral National Assembly of 360
seats); pending elections and National Election Law, the
Presidency appointed 450 members to the National Assembly
according to the provisions of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace
Agreement: 52% NCP; 28% SPLM; 14% other Northerners; 6% other
Southerners; 2 representatives from every state constitute the
Council of States; terms in each chamber are five years
following the first elections
elections: last held 13-22 December 2000 (next to be
held 2008-2009 timeframe)
election results: NCP 355, others 5; note - replaced by
appointments under the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement |
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Judicial branch:
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Constitutional Court of nine justices; National Supreme Court;
National Courts of Appeal; other national courts; National
Judicial Service Commission will undertake overall management
of the National Judiciary |
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Political parties and leaders:
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political parties in the Government of National Unity include:
National Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed OMAR]; Sudan
People's Liberation Movement or SPLM [Salva Mayardit KIIR];
and elements of the National Democratic Alliance or NDA
including factions of the Democratic Union Party [Muhammad
Uthman al-MIRGHANI] and Umma Party [SADIQ Siddiq al-Mahdi] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Umma Party [Sadiq al-MAHDI]; Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan
al-TURABI] |
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International organization participation:
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ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU,
LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer) |
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Flag description:
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three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
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Economy - overview:
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Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound
economic policies and infrastructure investments, but it still
faces formidable economic problems, starting from its low
level of per capita output. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been
implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, Sudan began
exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded
its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy,
has stabilized the exchange rate. Increased oil production,
revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones
helped sustain GDP growth at 8.6% in 2004. Agricultural
production remains Sudan's most important sector, employing
80% of the work force, contributing 39% of GDP, and accounting
for most of GDP growth, but most farms remain rain-fed and
susceptible to drought. Chronic instability - resulting from
the long-standing civil war between the Muslim north and the
Christian/pagan south, adverse weather, and weak world
agricultural prices - ensure that much of the population will
remain at or below the poverty line for years. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$84.93 billion (2005 est.) |
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$22.27 billion (2005 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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7.7% (2005 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$2,100 (2005 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 38.7%
industry: 20.3%
services: 41% (2003 est.) |
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Labor force:
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11 million (1996 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 7%, government 13%
(1998 est.) |
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Unemployment rate:
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18.7% (2002 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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40% (2004 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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11% (2005 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed):
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15.4% of GDP (2005 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $6.182 billion
expenditures: $5.753 billion; including capital
expenditures of $304 million (2005 est.) |
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Public debt:
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79% of GDP (2005 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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cotton, groundnuts (peanuts), sorghum, millet, wheat, gum
arabic, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca), mangos, papaya, bananas,
sweet potatoes, sesame; sheep, livestock |
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Industries:
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oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar,
soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals,
armaments, automobile/light truck assembly |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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8.5% (1999 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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3.165 billion kWh (2003) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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2.943 billion kWh (2003) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2003) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2003) |
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Oil - production:
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401,300 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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70,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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275,000 bbl/day (2004) |
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Oil - imports:
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0 bbl/day (2004) |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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1.6 billion bbl (2005 est.) |
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Natural gas - production:
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0 cu m (2003 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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0 cu m (2003 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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84.95 billion cu m (2005) |
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Current account balance:
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-$658 million (2005 est.) |
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Exports:
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$6.989 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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oil and petroleum products; cotton, sesame, livestock,
groundnuts, gum arabic, sugar |
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Exports - partners:
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China 66.9%, Japan 10.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.4% (2004) |
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Imports:
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$5.028 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport
equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat |
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Imports - partners:
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China 13%, Saudi Arabia 11.5%, UAE 5.9%, Egypt 5.1%, India
4.8%, Germany 4.5%, Australia 4.1%, Japan 4% (2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$2.52 billion (2005 est.) |
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Debt - external:
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$18.15 billion (2005 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$172 million (2001) |
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Currency (code):
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Sudanese dinar (SDD) |
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Exchange rates:
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Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 243.61 (2005), 257.91 (2004),
260.98 (2003), 263.31 (2002), 258.7 (2001) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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1,028,900 (2004) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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1,048,600 (2004) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: large, well-equipped system by
regional standards and being upgraded; cellular communications
started in 1996 and have expanded substantially
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable,
radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a
domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations
international: country code - 249; satellite earth
stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (2000) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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3 (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.sd |
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Internet hosts:
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1 (2005) |
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Internet users:
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1.14 million (2005)
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Airports:
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86 (2005) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 14
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2005) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 72
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 18
914 to 1,523 m: 37
under 914 m: 16 (2005) |
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Heliports:
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1 (2005) |
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Pipelines:
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gas 156 km; oil 2,365 km; refined products 810 km (2004) |
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Railways:
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total: 5,995 km
narrow gauge: 4,595 km 1.067-m gauge; 1,400 km .600-m
gauge for cotton plantations (2004) |
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Roadways:
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total: 11,900 km
paved: 4,320 km
unpaved: 7,580 km (1999) |
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Waterways:
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4,068 km (1,723 km open year round on White and Blue Nile
rivers) (2005) |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 2 ships (1000 GRT or over) 11,326 GRT/14,068 DWT
by type: cargo 1, livestock carrier 1
registered in other countries: 2 (Panama 1, Saudi
Arabia 1) (2005) |
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Ports and terminals:
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Port Sudan
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Military branches:
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Sudanese People's Armed Forces (SPAF): Army, Navy, Air Force,
Popular Defense Force |
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Military service age and obligation:
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18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - three years (August 2004) |
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 18-49: 8,291,695
females age 18-49: 8,135,683 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 18-49: 5,427,474
females age 18-49: 5,649,566 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually:
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males age 18-49: 442,915
females age 18-49: 426,320 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$587 million (2001 est.) (2004) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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3% (1999) (2004)
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